Biogenesis of Glyoxysomes

Biosynthesis of isocitrate lyase, a tetrameric enzyme of the glyoxysomal matrix, was studied in Neurospora crassa, in which the formation of glyoxysomes was induced by a substitution of sucrose medium by acetate medium. * 1. Translation of Neurospora mRNA in reticulocyte lysates yields a product which has the same apparent molecular weight as the subunit of the functional enzyme. Using N-formyl[35S]methionyl tRNAMetf as a label, the translation product shows the same apparent size which indicates that the amino terminus has no additional 'signal'-type sequence. * 2. Read-out systems employing free and membrane-bound polysomes show that only free ribosomes are active in the synthesis of isocitrate lyase. * 3. Isocitrate lyase synthesized in reticulocyte lysate is released into the supernatant and is soluble in a monomeric form. It interacts with Triton X-100 to form mixed micells in contrast to the functional tetrameric form. * 4. Transfer of isocitrate lyase synthesized in vitro into isolated glyoxysomes is suggested by results of experiments in which supernatants from reticulocyte lysates are incubated with a particle fraction isolated from acetate-grown cells. No transfer occurs when particles from non-induced cells are employed. Resistance to added proteinase is used as a criterion for transmembrane transfer. The data support a post-translational transfer mechanism for isocitrate lyase. They suggest that isocitrate lyase passes through a cytosolic precurscr pool as a monomer and is transferred into glyoxysomes

Gopherus berlandieri

Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Heterogeneity and the nonparametric analysis of consumer choice: conditions for invertibility

This paper considers structural nonparametric random utility models for continuous choice variables. It provides suffcient conditions on random preferences to yield reduced- form systems of nonparametric stochastic demand functions that allow global invertibility between demands and random utility components. Invertibility is essential for global identification of structural consumer demand models, for the existence of well-specified probability models of choice and for the nonparametric analysis of revealed stochastic preference.nonparametric random utility model, stochastic demand, global invertibility

Kinetic Studies on the Transport of Cytoplasmically Synthesized Proteins into the Mitochondria in Intact Cells of Neurospora crassa

The transport of cytoplasmically synthesized mitochondrial proteins was investigated in whole cells of Neurospora crassa, using dual labelling and immunological techniques. In pulse and pulse-chase labelling experiments the mitochondrial proteins accumulate label. The appearance of label in mitochondrial protein shows a lag relative to total cellular protein, ribosomal, microsomal and cytosolic proteins. The delayed appearance of label was also found in immunoprecipitated mitochondrial matrix proteins, mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, mitochondrial carboxyatractyloside-binding protein and cytochrome c. Individual mitochondrial proteins exhibit different labelling kinetics. Cycloheximide inhibition of translation does not prevent import of proteins into the mitochondria. Mitochondrial matrix proteins labelled in pulse and pulse-chase experiments can first be detected in the cytosol fraction and subsequently in the mitochondria. The cytosol matrix proteins and those in the mitochondria show a precursor-product type relationship. The results suggest that newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins exist in an extra-mitochondrial pool from which they are imported into the mitochondria

Hiding a drift

In this article we consider a Brownian motion with drift of the form dS_t=\mu_t dt+dB_t\qquadfor t\ge0, with a specific nontrivial $(\mu_t)_{t\geq0}$, predictable with respect to $\mathbb{F}^B$, the natural filtration of the Brownian motion $B=(B_t)_{t\ge0}$. We construct a process $H=(H_t)_{t\ge0}$, also predictable with respect to $\mathbb{F}^B$, such that $((H\cdot S)_t)_{t\ge 0}$ is a Brownian motion in its own filtration. Furthermore, for any $\delta>0$, we refine this construction such that the drift $(\mu_t)_{t\ge0}$ only takes values in $]\mu-\delta,\mu+\delta[$, for fixed $\mu>0$.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/09-AOP469 the Annals of Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aop/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

The "backdoor pathway" of androgen synthesis in human male sexual development.

Mammalian sex determination (male versus female) is largely controlled by genes, whereas sex differentiation (development of reproductive structures) is largely controlled by hormones. Work in the 20th century indicated that female external anatomy was a "default" pathway of development not requiring steroids, whereas male genital development required testicular testosterone plus dihydrotestosterone (DHT) made in genital skin according to a "classic" pathway. Recent work added the description of an alternative "backdoor" pathway of androgen synthesis discovered in marsupials. Unique "backdoor steroids" are found in human hyperandrogenic disorders, and genetic disruption of the pathway causes disordered male sexual development, suggesting it plays an essential role. O'Shaughnessy and colleagues now show that the principal human backdoor androgen is androsterone and provide strong evidence that it derives from placental progesterone that is metabolized to androsterone in nontesticular tissues. These studies are essential to understanding human sexual development and its disorders

Quasimolecular structure in elastic O16 + O16 scattering

It is suggested that the experimentally observed intermediate structure in the cross section of elastic O16 + O16 scattering is due to quasibound molecular states of the ion-ion system while the gross structure originates from virtually bound molecular states

On the Pressure Broadening in the Gamma Bands of Nitric Oxide

A quantitative investigation of the pressure broadening in the γ(0,0) and γ(1,0) bands of nitric acid established that the pressure effect is not abnormal as has sometimes been supposed and that the collision diameter of the excited NO molecule is approximately 3.8 Å